Michael Obi Essay free essay sample

Michael Obi in Dead Men’s Path is an excitable young man who gets a chance to get his hopes of progressing the Ndume Central School fulfilled when he is appointed headmaster. His obsession with â€Å"modern ways† and extreme eagerness to make changes negatively affect his decision making on how important the path is to the town’s natives. His dismissal and refusal to acknowledge the tradition is the inevitable means to the end of the story. Obi is so focused on his assignment of bringing the school into the modern world that he is blind to how important the traditional tribal ways and beliefs are to the townspeople he needs to work with in order for the school to be successful. He is very stubborn and refuses to keep an open mind about the path. His only focus is making the school as modern as possible and to stamp out anything old and traditional. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Obi Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He ignores the warnings from the fellow teachers and signs from the villagers about the path. When another teacher warns him about how there was â€Å"a big row† the last time someone attempted to close the path, he brushes it off and decides to block it off anyways. Even when the village priest calls on Obi to tell him how much the village depended on the path and how important it is to their tradition, he would still not listen and respect what the priest has to say. After a young woman dies during childbirth Obi finally has to face the consequences of his stubbornness to compromise with the villagers. Obi shows an inability to compromise with the villagers because of his complete belief in modern ways and his negative attitude towards the primitive (as he sees them) beliefs of the villagers. Obi will not allow the villagers to make a highway out of the school. He feels that his goal  with the school is to teach students through â€Å"modern ways† to laugh at the idea of tradition. He doesnt think that students can be taught in these modern ways and still respect their ancestors tradition. This ultimately leads to the school’s downfall. Conclusion In the end, Michael Obi is not able to accomplish his goal of creating a modern school from an unprogressive one. He is so focused on his goal that he will not listen to the villagers or respect their cultural tradition. He ignores the warnings teachers and villagers give him about the importance of the footpath and shows a complete inability to compromise with them because of his attitude towards their beliefs. This in the end leads to the destruction of the school and Michael Obi’s dream with it.

Lord of the Flies Symbolism essays

Lord of the Flies Symbolism essays Man is a fallen being. He is gripped by original sin. His nature is sinful, and this leads to chaotic consequences. In Lord of the Flies, William Golding presents the theme of mans capacity for evil and its effects on the deterioration of society. This idea is displayed through symbols in the novel, especially objects and the characters. The characters, which serve as allegorical symbols for various human types, begin a descent into primitive and bloodthirsty savagery. Instead of being presented as well-rounded individuals, they each display specific qualities that are found in every man. Ralph, the protagonist, expresses rational thought and ethical behavior under the unsupervised circumstances. He portrays the role of government in any modern society. While he wants to satisfy the wishes of the public, he also realizes that certain rules of conduct must be followed in order to prevent anarchy. Jack is Ralphs antithesis who represents anarchy and savagery. Piggy is Ralphs stabilizing force; he is the intellectual power of the society. Simon, representing intuitive insight and self-awareness, is a mystic who understands that the beast is really the evil inside the boys. The pigs head, the most striking symbol in the novel, represents the uncontrollable dark side of humankind. Originally, it was left as a sacrifice to the beast. However, the pigs head tells Simon that it is the beast itself, and the boys were foolish for thinking the beast was something they could hunt and kill. This fear of the beast is implanted into the boys minds, thus disrupting the unity of their system. Fear of the unknown begins the boys lapse into irrational thinking and behavior. The conch shell is a key symbol in the island civilization and its fall. The conch is used by Ralph to summon meetings, and it represents order and civilization. At the first assembly ...

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Ethics - Assignment Example Liberal tolerance is good. However, there are limits to liberal ethics. It is essential for politicians to comprehend that a comprehensive argument, whether written or in oral form, is significant at all stages of policy formulation. For instance, the electorate, the political parties, the executive, the local courts, interest groups and the media often involve themselves in reciprocal persuasion and continuous debates. According to liberal theorists, the above process commences with expression of general concerns and ends with decisions that are concrete. Arguments are essential not only in clarifying politicians’ position regarding an issue but also focusing people around their position. For instance, when a policy is perfectly explained by a group of individuals seeking self interest or goals, those who aim to justify the policy must plea to the interest of the public and the intellectual merits of the case under discussion. Individuals often miss a great point when they try to comprehend the process of policy making in terms of influence, bargaining and power to the exclusion of argument and debate. Arguments are the only avenue through which policy makers and citizens arrive at moral policy choices and judgments. As a result, debates produce outcomes that are far beyond the authoritarian capabilities or policy making technocratic methods (Majone, 1989). In environmental project, conflict is inevitable as change appears to be. As a matter of fact, it is impossible for individuals with backgrounds, norms and skills that are diverse to make decisions, work together and try to meet project objectives and goals without conflict. This raises the need to formulate tangible strategies of handling conflicts. According to Follet (1973), there are three principal ways of managing conflict. These include integration, compromise and domination. Domination is the triumph of one party over another. It is perceived to be

Leadership strategy issues in NONPROFIT HOSPITALS concentrate on how Essay

Leadership strategy issues in NONPROFIT HOSPITALS concentrate on how leadership strategy involves a mission, financial manageme - Essay Example As The Attorney General’s Community Benefits Guidelines (n.d.) points out, the non-profit hospitals have the fiduciary obligation to extend their services to concerned communities on the account of individuals’ tax-exempt status. The governing board and senior management are responsible for framing various organizational strategies which would enable the non-profit hospitals to dispose their duties and responsibilities effectively. In contrast, an inefficient strategic management may adversely affect the basic values of such organizations. Therefore, the non-profit hospitals must oversee the development and implementation of the community benefits plan. To be more specific, they must also design the method to be followed, resources to be accumulated, and the mechanism to be deployed for periodical monitoring. Significance of mission in leadership strategy To begin with, since non-profit hospitals are also separate legal entities, they can also deal with revenues and exp enses; and the assets of such hospitals are publicly held. Since these organizations operate on a charitable basis, they may get various sources of public finance including donations and others. Hence, officials dealing with finance department tend to misuse such organizations’ funds which in turn would affect the basic objective of the non-profit hospitals. ... The Attorney General’s Community Benefits Guidelines oblige the non-profit hospitals to serve the health and social needs of the community they serve (Community benefits guidelines for hospitals and HMOs, 2007). These guidelines insist that hospitals must collaborate with community representatives in order to identify their needs and to plan appropriate prevention programs. Fletcher Allen health care community benefits strategic plan (2010) suggests that the major mission of a non-profit hospital is to deliver the proposed community benefits plans effectively to the communities it serves. So as to implement this mission efficiently, usually hospital management designates a community benefits team that comprises of a number of hospital leaders and different operational group representatives. This process requires efficient strategic leadership skills because an ineffective grouping may largely minimize the result of the community benefits plan. The management must also ensure t he service of social workers and health educators to reach the respective communities easily. While implementing the proposed program, it is necessary for the firm to monitor the efficacy of the program at various phases, because it would help the management to identify the weaker areas. Hence, it is advisable for the hospital management to designate a community benefits manager who is responsible for closely watching the operational efficacy of the program. Importance of financial management in leadership In order to implement the community benefits plan efficiently, the hospital must adequately deal with financial management. It is obvious that these organizations carry out their operations on non-profitable basis, and therefore, they would

Aviation Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Aviation Safety - Essay Example Success in this endeavor is defined by the extent to which aviation security personnel remain one step ahead of terrorists. When the "Shoe Bomber," Richard Reed, was able to board a transatlantic commercial airliner following 9/11, it marked a monumental failure of aviation security. Since then the sight of airline passengers in security checkpoints removing their footwear has become commonplace. Obviously, adjusting security to account for methods of terror that have already been attempted is essential. However, the real success of security happens when those threats are predicted and guarded against before anyone actually carries them out. Among all such threats that have been contemplated, there is one that stands out as a glaring risk about which shockingly little has been done. That is the potential for checked luggage and cargo loaded into the hold of an airplane to be rigged with explosives. To date, no airline or airport routinely screens checked bags and cargo for explosives. Some small scale pilot projects are in the works to test methods of doing this. Nevertheless, it is quite surprising that five years after 9/11, a terrorist could go to an airport and check through a bomb-laden suitcase that very likely would make it aboard a commercial airliner. ... ee's antitrust subcommittee, faulted airlines for not ensuring that a person who checks luggage actually gets on the flight, already the practice in Europe. At the same time, he noted, checked bags are not routinely screened for explosives." The AP went on to quote Senator Kohl stating, "On a given day, a group of saboteurs could load up 12 different airplanes across the country with explosives, go home, and we would have a disaster." The airline industry responded that it would be impossible to match luggage to passengers given the structure of the U.S. air travel system; and even if it were possible, such an undertaking would not thwart a terrorist who was willing to die by boarding the flight on which his/her checked bags contained a bomb (Associated Press, 2001). Donald Carty, President and CEO of American Airlines, asserted that a bag to passenger matching system would ultimately lead to reduced flights and layoffs. Senator Kohl described a two-pronged problem with aviation security. The first, and arguably the key, issue is that checked luggage makes its way on board commercial airliners without being screened for explosives or other potential threats. Secondarily, the failure to ensure that those who check luggage actually board their flight makes it possible for someone to place a bomb aboard a flight with no risk to him/herself. Arguably, if the former problem were adequately addressed, then the latter one would not be nearly as great a concern. Many would consider it shocking that even before 9/11 checked luggage was not screened. The procedure of going through airport security checkpoints, scanning carry-on items and going through metal detectors fostered a false sense of security in many people. Surely, many would think, if such precautions were taken with

Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumer Attitudes Toward GM

Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumer Attitudes Toward GM Literature Review: Evaluating the Effects of Confirmation Bias on Consumers Attitudes Toward Genetically Modified Foods Genetically modified foods (GMFs) have been a part of American life for more than twenty years, with the USDA approving the first commercial crop in 1994 (Bruening Lyons, 2000). Since then, genetically modified (GM) crops have boomed, with an estimated 70% of processed foods on grocery store shelves containing GM ingredients (Chrispeels, 2014). The United States Department of Agriculture has recognized many benefits of GM crops, including greater yields, increased nutritional value, and better seed quality (Fernandez-Cornejo et al, 2014). Given the current global food climate, with hunger and starvation still being prevalent in many countries, this is an important benefit. Since the introduction of GM crops into the food chain, a lot of questions have been asked regarding their safety and much research has been done in this regard. A 2014 meta-analysis of the previous ten years of data indicates that GMOs do not pose any direct threat to human health (Nicolia et al, 2014). Indeed, most scientists (Funk et al., 2015) and the World Health Organization (2015) believe that GM foods are safe to eat. Despite this data, only just over a third of Americans believe GMOs are safe for human consumption (Funk et al, 2015) and many will spend more for foods that they know are non-GMO (Fernandez-Cornejo et al., 2014). This indicates that GM foods continue to be a contentious issue, and it is one that is often played out on social media (Stevens et al., 2016). Food safety is an inherently emotional issue (Anderson 2000), and contentious issues, particularly emotional ones, are often hyped up in the media (Stieglitz Dang-Xuan, 2013). When consumers go to the media seeking information on the emotionally charged issue of GM food, they will find that much of information that is easily accessible to them is negative and centered more on popular opinion that scientific facts (Mahgoub, 2016; McCluskey, Swinnen, Vandermoortele, 2015). The medias negative portrayal of GM food has been linked to consumers negative perception of the products (Marques, Critchley, Walshe, 2014; Vilella-Villa Costa-Font, 2008). Both public opinion and scientific data play a part in how governments and regulatory bodies develop their policies, highlighting the importance of understanding the evidence and what shapes consumer attitudes toward GMOs (Druckman Bolsen, 2011; Page Shapiro, 1983). Public opinion is formed from the attitudes of individuals (Katz, 1960). Hostility to GMOs can lead to limiting development of research about them (e.g. Ceccoli Hixon, 2012) and restrict or ban the use of the technology (e.g. Siegrist, 2000). The success of GMO foods on the market depends on public opinion (Moschini et al, 2005). Facebook is the most popular social media platform in the United States. Nearly 80% of online Americans use Facebook, and of those, 76% use it every day, and 55% visit it several times a day (Funk Rainie, 2015). Many American adults (62%) get their news from Facebook and nearly a fifth (18%) do it often (Gottfried Shearer, 2016). Facebook offers near-instantaneous access to news and information in users newsfeeds, offering a greater ease of selectivity over more traditional media sources (Westerwick et al, 2013). However, the selectivity is biased towards users preexisting beliefs and attitudes, and serves to limit the amount of information available to them through the use of their algorithm that provides messaging consistent with previous likes of the user, as well as web searches, thus increasing the effect of selective exposure (Bakshy et al., 2015; Pariser, 2011), and an effect to which most people may be unaware of (Powers, 2017). This leads to tailoring a news feed that is i ncreasingly fragmented and polarized to the existing attitudes of the individual user (Westerwick et al, 2013). Facebook also elicits quick responses from users by way of how information is presented and does not require the user to put much cognitive effort into assessing its veracity. Users will often accept the first message they encounter without doing any further investigation (Flanagin Metzger, 2007; Chen et al, 2015), engaging in what Petty and Cacioppo (1986) termed peripheral processing. This is common in user assessment on online media (Fogg et al, 2003) and when making food-related decisions (Frewer et al., 1997). In this type of processing, people rely on simple cues (Andrews et al., 2011; Walters et al, 2012) and cognitive heuristics, such as confirmation bias, to evaluate information and form an attitude about it. This is particularly true when people want to decide about an issue that they do not know much about and are uncertain about the risks, benefits, and consequences (Tversky and Kanehan, 1975). With peripheral processing, no higher-order thinking, or central processing, goes into their formation of opinion. While engaged in peripheral processing, people will discredit the attitude incongruent information off-hand or will alter their perception of it so that it fits into their pre-existing schemas (Petty Cacioppo, 1986; Festinger, 1957). People generally prefer messages that fit with their pre-existing beliefs, and regardless of how much importance they attach to an issue, they are not likely to spend much time looking for credible information (Westerwick et al, 2013). The problem with engaging in peripheral processing when encountering messages on a platform like Facebook is that the credibility of the information they are accessing is often not verified (e.g., Moody, 2011) and people rarely verify the credibility of this information (Metzger, 2007). The information may be based on inferior data, is often driven by personal opinion (Ennals et. al, 2010), has no real standards for quality control or regulatory controls, and can be easily altered (Metzger et al, 2013). As mentioned earlier, confirmation bias is a cognitive heuristic that may be utilized when people are engaged in peripheral processing. The confirmation bias is a tendency for people to pay more attention to and attribute greater importance to information that is congruent with what they believe while overlooking or discrediting information that does not fit their preexisting beliefs (Klayman and Ha, 1987). Confirmation bias with regards to media exposure is well documented, with the first instance noted over seventy years ago (Lazarsfeld et al., 1944), however, the effect of confirmation bias on user attitudes is not consistent across different types of messaging. Political messaging and confirmation bias are well documented, but this is not the case for health messaging. Westerwick et al. (2013) found that people are generally more likely to look for credible information sources when it comes to their health. Alternatively, confirmation bias may be more pronounced if media coverage about an issue is negative, as could also be the case with GM foods (Lusk et al, 2014; Slovic, 1987). Given the impact of food safety on ones health, the question arises as to the role that confirmation bias has in consumers attitude formation toward GMOs, and this has not yet been adequately addressed by existing research. Research in this area would contribute to the knowledge of how to best design messaging to positively persuade public opinion regarding GMOs. Purpose and Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of attitudinally congruent and attitudinally non-congruent messaging concerning GMOs on how consumers self-evaluate GM foods under the Elaboration Likelihood framework. To accomplish this purpose the following objectives were constructed: Collect data on the pre-existing knowledge and beliefs of the audience about GMOs. Compare the perceptions of attitudinally congruent and attitudinally non-congruent GMO messaging. Compare the beliefs and attitudes of consumers pre and post-message exposure. References Andrews, J. C., Burton, S., Kees, J. (2011). Is simpler always better? Consumer evaluations of front-of-package nutrition symbols. Journal of Public Policy Marketing, 30(2), 175- 190. Anderson, W. A. (2000). The future relationship between the media, the food industry and the consumer. British Medical Bulletin, 56(1), 254-268. Baker, G. A., Burnham, T. A. (2001). Consumer response to genetically modified foods: Market segment analysis and implications for producers and policy makers. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 26(2), 387. Retrieved from http://proxy.mul.missouri.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/214697691?accountid=14576 Bakshy, E., Messing, S., Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160 Bruening, G., Lyons, J. (2000). The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato. California Agriculture, 54(4), 6-7. Ceccoli, S., Hixon, W. (2012). Explaining attitudes toward genetically modified foods in the European Union. International Political Science Review, 33(3), 301-319. Chen, K. J., Kim, J., Lin, J. S. (2015). The effects of affective and cognitive elaborations from Facebook posts on consumer attitude formation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 14(3), 208-218. Chrispeels, M. J. (2014). Yes indeed, most Americans do eat GMOs every day! Journal of  Integrative Plant Biology, 56(1), 4-6. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12147 Druckman, J. N., Bolsen, T. (2011). Framing, motivated reasoning, and opinions about emergent eechnologies. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 659-688. doi:10.1111/j.1460- 2466.2011.01562.x Ennals, R., Byler, D., Agosta, J. M., Rosario, B. (2010, April). What is disputed on the web? In Proceedings of the 4th workshop on Information credibility (pp. 67-74). ACM. Fernandez-Cornejo, J., Wechsler, S., Livingston, M., Mitchell, L. (2014). Genetically engineered crops in the United States Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. Fischer, P., Jonas, E., Frey, D., Schulz-Hardt, S., 2005. Selective exposure to information: the impact of information limits. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 469-492. Fogg, B. J., Soohoo, C., Danielson, D. R., Marable, L., Stanford, J., Tauber, E. R. (2003). How do users evaluate the credibility of Web sites? A study with over 2,500 participants. In Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences (pp. 1-15). ACM. Frewer, L. J., Howard, C., Hedderley, D., Shepherd, R. (1997). The elaboration likelihood  model and communication about food risks. Risk Analysis, 17(6), 759-769.  doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01281.x Funk, C., Rainie, L., Page, D. (2015). Public and scientists views on science and society. Pew Research Center 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public- and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/ Goodwin, J. N. (2013). Taking down the walls of agriculture: Effect of transparent  communication and personal relevance on attitudes and trust within the Elaboration  Likelihood Model (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from:  http://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/UF/E0/04/53/18/00001/GOODWIN_J.pdf Gottfried, J., Shearer, E. (2016). News use across social media platforms 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.org/2016/05/26/news-use-across-social- media-platforms-2016/ Jang., S. (2014). Seeking congruency or incongruency online? Examining selective exposure to four controversial science issues. Science Communication, 36(2), 143-167. Health Focus International. (2015). Global shopper views on GMOs. Retrieved from http://www.healthfocus.com/hf/global-shopper-views-on-gmos/ Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public opinion quarterly, 24(2), 163-204. Klayman, J., Ha, Y. W. (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological review, 94(2), 211. Lazarsfeld, P. F., Gaudet, H., Berelson, B. (1944). The peoples choice: how the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York: Duell, Sloan, and Pearce. Lusk, J. L., Roosen, J., Bieberstein, A. (2014). Consumer acceptance of new food technologies: Causes and roots of controversies. Annual Review of Resource Economics 6, 381-405. Mahgoub, S. E. (2016). Genetically Modified Foods: Basics, Applications, and Controversy. CRC Press. Marques, M. D., Critchley, C. R., Walshe, J. (2014). Attitudes to genetically modified food  over time: How trust in organizations and the media cycle predict support. Public  Understanding of Science, 24(5), 601-618. doi:10.1177/0963662514542372 McCluskey, J. J., Swinnen, J., Vandemoortele, T. (2015). You get what you want: A note on the economics of bad news. Information Economics and Policy, 30, 1-5. Metzger, M. J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(13), 2078-2091. Metzger, M. J., Flanagin, A. J. (2013). Credibility and trust of information in online environments: The use of cognitive heuristics. Journal of Pragmatics, 59, 210-220. Meyers, C. A. (2008). The agricultural angle: Effect of framing agricultural biotechnology  messages on attitudes and intent to publish within the Elaboration Likelihood Model  (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/33/34/3334488.html Moody, K. E. (2011). Credibility or convenience? Political information choices in a  media-saturated environment. Media International Australia, 140, 35-64. Moschini, G., Bulut, H., Cembalo, L. (2005). On the segregation of genetically modified, conventional and organic products in European agriculture: a multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ market equilibrium analysis. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56(3), 347-372. Nicolia, A., Manzo, A., Veronesi, F., Rosellini, D. (n.d). An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 34(1), 77-88. doi: 10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 Page, B. I., Shapiro, R. Y. (1983). Effects of Public Opinion on Policy. The American Political Science Review, (1). 175. Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think. Penguin. Powers, E. (2017). My News Feed is Filtered?: Awareness of news personalization among college students. Digital Journalism, 1-21. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1286943 Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In Communication and persuasion (pp. 1-24). Springer New York. Siegrist, M. (2000). The influence of trust and perceptions of risks and benefits on the acceptance of gene technology. Risk analysis, 20(2), 195-204. Slovic, P. (1987) Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280-285 Greenwood, S., Perrin, A., Duggan, M. (2016). Social media update 2016. Pew Research Centre. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update- 2016/ Stieglitz, S., Dang-Xuan, L. (2013). Emotions and information diffusion in social media- sentiment of microblogs and sharing behavior. Journal of Management Information Systems, 29(4), 217-248. Stevens, T. M., Aarts, N., Termeer, C. J. A. M., Dewulf, A. (2016). Social media as a new playing field for the governance of agro-food sustainability. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 18, 99-106. Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1975). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In Utility, probability, and human decision making (pp. 141-162). Springer Netherlands. Vilella-Vila, M., Costa-Font, J. (2008). Press media reporting effects on risk perceptions and  attitudes towards genetically modified (GM) food. 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How to Make Sandblasted Signs :: essays papers

How to Make Sandblasted Signs Process & Analysis How To Make Sandblasted Signs. The only necessary tools you need are: basswood, or red wood, rubber masking, spray glue, exacto knife, sand paper, paint (which most of these items you can find at your local hardware store). Also you need to know someone in your community who has a sandblasting machine to sandblast your sign. You will also need a design for your board. (It can be your name, or a symbol of what ever you want it to be.) First thing you need to do is to get some bass or red wood. Cut the boards to the exact size you want by using a band saw or hand saw. Also, use the following methods such as gluing, planing, and squaring the boards to the exact length you want your sign to be. Once you have squared your board with the square, your sign will be even on each side. The next step will be to apply the rubber masking to your board. Now you are ready to put your design on the rubber masking. Apply the spray glue to the rubber masking. Once you have sprayed the glue (in a well ventilated area) to the masking you should wait for about 2 minutes for the adhesive to dry, and begin to cut out your design you have chosen. This is a very time consuming task so it is best to take your time. This is the time to start cutting on your masking. It is best to leave about one half of an inch around the outside edge of the board. Use your exacto knife to cut the masking. Make sure to center your design and that it is suitably sized to your board. It is important not to make the cuts too small or the sand will tear the rubber masking off. You need to find someone in the community that does sandblasting. This could be at a monument engraving service near by. They use a special sand that is very fine to cut the wood. Sandblasters also use an air compressor to shoot the air and sand out at a high rate of speed. This process will cost between $2-$5 and the time to complete is approximately two days. Once you get the sign back from the sandblasting service, you are ready to